What are translation techniques

What are translation techniques “With examples

 

 

The transferred translation

It is a translation technique based on the use of the same word or expression in the original text and its transfer as it is for the translated text, and usually the transferred word or expression in the translated text is written in italics, so that the expression or word in the original text is reproduced as it is, in other words, the borrowing technique in translation means” no translation”.

 

An example of translation by transfer

For example, when translating a sentence like ” The gaucho was wearing a black sombrero and a worn bombacha “.

 

Translated into Gaucho he was dressed in a black sombrero and a shabby pompacha.

 

And the Gauchos : they are peoples from South America who live in the savannah plains

The sombrero: is the name of the hat worn by the Gaucho people.

The bombacha: is the name of the pants worn by the Gaucho people.

Since these words cannot be matched in the Arabic language, the words are borrowed as they are from the foreign text.

 

Borrowed translation/ CALQUE

When a translator uses borrowing, he creates or uses a new term in the language into which the translation is made by adopting the structure of the source language.

 

An example of a borrowed translation

 

For example, the word CALQUE is actually a word borrowed into English from the French word calquer, meaning transcription or tracing, and also the word telephone in Arabic may be borrowed from the French language téléphoner.

 

And Loan Translation is also just another term for calque, and when used as a verb, calque means borrowing a phrase or a word from another language while translating its components in order to create a new lexicon in the language to which the transfer is made, it is a category of borrowing by which words or phrases are borrowed from another language, with the translation of each element of the phrase, and basically based on respect for the grammatical structure of the language into which the translation is made.

 

Calque loan translation contributes to the richness of the target language by avoiding the direct use of foreign words, is constructive, unlike loan loan which is a phonetic and morphological adaptation of words.

 

There are four different types of borrowed translation:

 

Structural or syntactic borrowing

This is the product of the wrong connection between the elements of the sentence, it introduces a new structure into the language.

 

Typographic borrowing

In it, only typographical terms that are in the source language are transferred to the new language, for example, the use of capital letters was transferred from English to Spanish, and also some quotation marks and italics for emphasis were transferred from English to Spanish.

 

Orthographic borrowing

This form appears in the transliteration of the names of places, people and ethnicities, in which the writing and spelling conventions found in the source language are copied into the language into which the translation is made, with the exception of the names of Saints, popes, nobles, royal families, historical figures and historical authors, where a traditional translation of their names is mostly adopted, otherwise the names are transmitted as they are.

 

Examples of orthographic borrowing are: the word Saudi is translated into Saudi.

An example of an exception in the word is the word Egypt, which translates intoegypt .

Spelling borrowings

In spelling borrowing, there is an incorrect match between two words that have similar origins or formulas, but have developed differently in their respective languages to the extent that the same word has a number of different and distant meanings in one of the two languages, and it happens a lot in English where there are two etymologically related words in English but have a slight difference in meaning, so the unrelated word is used.[2]

 

Literal translation

This is usually called a literal translation or wording. This means translating word by word, achieving a text in the target language that is as correct as it is idiomatic. According to Vinay and Darbelnet, literal translation can only be applied in languages that are culturally very close, and literal translation is acceptable only if the translated text retains the same syntax, the same meaning and style as the original text.

 

An example is when the phrase “Quelle heure est-il?” “Means what time is it now” from French to English is translated almost in the same way, it is” What time is it.

 

Translational translation

A professional translator uses conversion technology in order to get a stylized and linguistically wonderful text in the end, and there are many ways to make the text look better in the language into which it is translated, and one of these ways is translation by conversion.

 

The translator works at the grammatical level and works to replace the category of words with another word category without changing the meaning, and from a stylistic point of view, the transferred expression does not have the same value as the original expression, but it has the same meaning, and the transferred expressions are usually literary expressions in nature, and the transformative translation can be:

 

Free: when the conversion used by the translator is context-dependent .

 

Mandatory: it is absolutely necessary in a certain context.

 

In other words, conversion is the process by which parts of speech change their sequence when translated (for example the word blue ball is translated into boule bleue in French), it is in a sense a transformation in the category of words, this is because grammatical structures often differ in different languages.

 

Examples of conversion in translation are:

 

Converting a verb-adverb like the sentence I only defended myself can translate I just defended myself or I did nothing but defend myself ” I did nothing but defend myself”.

 

Adaptation in translation

Adaptation is also called cultural substitution or cultural equivalent, in which it replaces the original text more suited to the culture of the language into which the translation is made, to achieve a familiar and comprehensive text.

 

An example of adaptation in translation

baseball translates to American football.

As for the transliteration of words, it depends on the source language from which the translation is made, but there are words that are disputed when transliterating due to the difference in alphabets in the source language.for example, the hanyu Pinyin system of Chinese Mandarin in which the pronunciation of words differs from the native Mandarin.